Seasonal Fluctuations of N, P and K in Leaves Influenced Nutrient Requirement During Fruit Development Stages in Different Olive Genotypes

Abstract: Olive is grown in semi-arid climatic conditions; however, little is known about mineral changes in olive plant and nutrient requirements during the production period. Hence, the current study was conducted under Pothwar agro-climatic conditions in order to select appropriate stage of macronutrients (N, P, K) application in relation to soil and leaf nutritional status during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Soil and leaf analysis were performed at four different phenological stages (i.e. flowering, fruit setting, fruit enlargement and fruit maturity stages). The results revealed that the assessed macronutrient in leaf and soil varied significantly among varieties, phenological stages and growing year. The results revealed also that nitrogen level was found to decrease from fruit set (1.56%) to fruit enlargement stage (1.47%). Leaf and soil N, P and K contents were found higher before the flowering (stage 1) and depleted after fruit harvesting (stage 4), regardless of olive varieties. However, high yielding varieties showed lower nutrients after fruit harvesting (stage 4). Therefore, N content in leaf and soil gradually decreased during fruit growth and development. Whereas, K content in leaf and soil sharply declined from fruit maturity to fruit ripening stage. Overall, the trend of nutrient depletion showed that plants need phosphorus for fruit setting, nitrogen before and after fruit setting, and potash after pit hardening or at oil accumulation stages.

Climate change impacts on agriculture sector: A case study of Pakistan / Impactos das mudanças climáticas no setor agrícola: um estudo de caso do Paquistão

ABSTRACT: The current article looks at the effects of climate change on agriculture, especially crop production, and influence factors of agricultural development in terms of their rational use in Pakistan. Due to the dependence of economic development, and agriculture in the South Asian region on access to renewable national resources and the associated vulnerability to climate change, the limited financial and professional resources of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan require a clear definition of national priorities in this area. In the preparation of this article, general scientific cognition methods, in particular, empirical-theoretical methods were used. Grouping and classification methods have been used to process and systematize the data. The ability to change productivity, depending on the variation of the average annual air temperature and the average annual precipitation rate, was considered using a two-factor regression model. The main finding of the study is that temperature and precipitation have a negative impact on agricultural production. This study can provide a scientific justification for the specialization of agricultural production in the regions of Pakistan as well as the execution of the necessary agricultural activities.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é examinar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas na agricultura, especialmente a produção agrícola e os fatores de influência do desenvolvimento agrícola em termos de uso racional no Paquistão. Devido à dependência do desenvolvimento econômico e da agricultura na região do sul da Ásia do acesso a recursos nacionais renováveis ​​e à vulnerabilidade associada às mudanças climáticas, os recursos financeiros e profissionais limitados da República Islâmica do Paquistão exigem uma definição clara das prioridades nacionais nessa área. Na preparação deste artigo, foram utilizados métodos gerais de cognição científica, em particular métodos teórico-empíricos. Os métodos de agrupamento e classificação foram utilizados para processar e sistematizar os dados. A capacidade de alterar a produtividade, dependendo da variação da temperatura média anual do ar e da taxa média anual de precipitação, foi considerada usando um modelo de regressão de dois fatores. A principal descoberta do estudo é que a temperatura e a precipitação têm um impacto negativo na produção agrícola. Este estudo pode fornecer uma justificativa científica para a especialização da produção agrícola nas regiões do Paquistão, bem como a execução das atividades agrícolas necessárias.

Production fields and physiological quality of Panicum maximum jacq. cv. mombasa seeds / Campos de produção e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Panicum maximum jacq. cv. mombasa

The physiological quality of seeds is influenced by the climatic factors of production fields. The identification of the best conditions of P. maximum cv. Mombasa production fields allows the improvement of the seed sector. The aim of this work was to identify which climatic conditions of production fields can affect the physiological quality of P. maximum cv. Mombasa seeds. Nineteen plots from states of São Paulo (six from municipalities of Auriflama and three from Guzolândia) and Goiás (eight from Quirinópolis and two from Serranópolis), were collected by soil sweeping. The following parameters were evaluated: water content, germination rate, first germination count and germination rate index, seedling emergence in sand and field. Completely randomized design was used for all variables, with the exception of seedling emergence in field, since this variable required block design. Means were compared by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability. For the identification of the influence of climatic conditions on the physiological quality of seeds, multivariate statistical analysis was applied through Group and Principal Component Analysis. Production fields of Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa seeds presenting maximum temperatures above 32 ºC at flowering and natural fall stages produce seeds of low physiological quality. Production fields in which precipitation and high temperatures occur during natural fall and harvest of P. maximum cv. Mombasa seeds are not favorable to the production of seeds with high physiological quality.

A qualidade fisiológica das sementes é influenciada pelos fatores climáticas doscampos de produção. A identificação das condições dos melhores campos de produção de P. maximum cv. Mombaça permite aprimoramento do setor de sementes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar quais condições climáticas dos campos de produção podem afetar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de P. maximum cv. Mombaça. Foram avaliados dezenove lotes procedentes do estado de São Paulo (seis de Auriflama e três de Guzolândia) e Goiás (oito de Quirinópolis e dois de Serranópolis), colhidos por varredura do solo. Foram avaliados por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação, emergência de plântulas em areia e em campo. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado para todas as variáveis, com exceção da emergência de plântulas em campo, pois neste adotou-se delineamento em blocos. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. Para a identificação da influência das condições climáticas na qualidade fisiológica das sementes aplicou-se análise estatística multivariada por meio de Análise de Agrupamento e Componentes Principais. Campos de produção de sementes de Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça que apresentam temperaturas máximas superiores a 32 ºC nas épocasde florescimento e degrana produzem sementes de baixa qualidade fisiológica. Campos de produção em que ocorram precipitações e altas temperaturas durante a degrana e à colheita de sementes de P.maximum cv. Mombaça não são favoráveis a produção de sementes com alta qualidade fisiológica.

Fenología de Crescentia alata (Bignoniaceae) en Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Los estudios fenológicos generan información que contribuye con el conocimiento de las relaciones entre especies y componentes abióticos de los ecosistemas, disponibilidad de alimento para animales y regeneración de cobertura boscosa. Crescentia alata es una especie arbórea abundante en el bosque tropical seco (BTs); su importancia ecológica, cultural y económica ha sido ampliamente reconocida y por eso existe interés en reproducir esta especie, pero antes es necesario conocer detalladamente su desarrollo fenológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la fenología de C. alata en el BTs de Costa Rica. Se seleccionaron 20 árboles reproductivos en el Parque Nacional Santa Rosa para observar las siguientes fenofases: follaje, floración y fructificación por 14 meses entre 2015 y 2016. Esta especie produjo más follaje en junio, máxima floración en junio y octubre y mayor número de frutos maduros en enero. Los patrones fenológicos en C. alata se relacionaron con factores climáticos comunes, sobre todo precipitación, temperatura y humedad relativa. Los resultados más relevantes de este estudio podrían contribuir a la propagación, el manejo adecuado y la conservación de esta especie.

Phenological studies generate information that contributes knowledge on relationships of species and abiotic components of ecosystems, availability of food for animals and regeneration of forest cover. Crescentia alata is an abundant tree species in tropical dry forests; its ecological, cultural and economic importance has been widely recognized and for this reason there is an interest in reproducing this species, but previously it is necessary to understand its detailed phenological development. The aim of this work was to describe C. alata phenology in dry Costa Rican forests. Twenty reproductive trees were selected at the Santa Rosa National Park to observe phenophases (leaf flushing, flower production, and fructification) during 14 months from 2015 to 2016. Most foliage was observed in June, maximal floration in June and October, and the highest ripe-fruit number in January. Phenological patterns in C. alata were related to common climatic factors as rainfall, temperature, and relative humidity; other factors considered were wind speed, and sun radiation. The most significant phenological data registered for C. alata in this work may contribute to a better management and conservation of this species.

Challenges in Selecting an Appropriate Heat Stress Index to Protect Workers in Hot and Humid Underground Mines

BACKGROUND: A detailed evaluation of the underground mine climate requires extensive measurements to be performed coupled to climatic modeling work. This can be labor-intensive and time-consuming, and consequently impractical for daily work comfort assessments. Therefore, a simple indicator like a heat stress index is needed to enable a quick, valid, and acceptable evaluation of underground climatic conditions on a regular basis. This can be explained by the unending quest to develop a “universal index,” which has led to the proliferation of many proposed heat stress indices. METHODS: The aim of this research study is to discuss the challenges in identifying and selecting an appropriate heat stress index for thermal planning and management purposes in underground mines. A method is proposed coupled to a defined strategy for selecting and recommending heat stress indices to be used in underground metal mines in the United States and worldwide based on a thermal comfort model. RESULTS: The performance of current heat stress indices used in underground mines varies based on the climatic conditions and the level of activities. Therefore, carefully selecting or establishing an appropriate heat stress index is of paramount importance to ensure the safety, health, and increasing productivity of the underground workers. CONCLUSION: This method presents an important tool to assess and select the most appropriate index for certain climatic conditions to protect the underground workers from heat-related illnesses. Although complex, the method presents results that are easy to interpret and understand than any of the currently available evaluation methods.

Phytoplankton functional groups in a tropical reservoir in the Brazilian semiarid region / Grupos funcionales de fitoplancton en una represa tropical de una región semiárida de Brazil

Abstract: Phytoplankton functional groups structure and species abundance vary according to environmental conditions. The present study investigated the natural and anthropogenic stressors that affect phytoplankton functional group biomass in a Brazilian semiarid region reservoir (Argemiro de Figueiredo reservoir). Sampling occurred between August 2007 and July 2009 on a bi-monthly basis for the first year, and in a monthly basis for the last two years. There were three collection points (PC: river confluence; PNC: near the cages; PD: dam site). The water environment analysis of abiotic variables included: temperature, transparency, coefficient of vertical light attenuation, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and reactive soluble phosphorus. Phytoplankton samples were collected into a Van Dorn bottle, and were then preserved in acetic lugol and were quantified using an inverted microscope to determine phytoplankton density and biomass; the identified species were assembled in functional groups. The data were explored by canonical correspondence analysis. Individual analyses were made to test the temporal and spatial variability of the data and the factors that interfered most with the biotic and abiotic variables. Functional groups S1, SN, and K, consisting of filamentous Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, and the coccoid Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectively, dominated the dry months when the water was warm, turbid, and alkaline. The overflow reservoir served as a natural disturbance reducing the phytoplankton biomass to less than 50 % and the dominance of cyanobacteria, promoting the domain of functional groups F, M, MP, Lo, and X2. The nutrient inputs from intensive fish farming, associated with a low local depth (Zmax = 7.7 m) close to the cages (PNC), resulted in a significant human disturbance that increased the prevalence of functional groups S1, SN, and K, which are composed primarily of cyanobacteria. We concluded that, in reservoirs, overflow events are natural disturbances that have the ability to reduce phytoplankton biomass and alter the structure of local communities, and that intensive fish farming is an anthropogenic disturbance that increases the availability of nutrients and stimulates an increase in biomass of the functional groups that include cyanobacteria. Furthermore, the functional groups of phytoplankton were reliable control of environmental conditions in the reservoirs of tropical semiarid regions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1129-1141. Epub 2017 September 01.

Resumen: La estructura de grupos funcionales del fitoplancton y la abundancia de especies varían de acuerdo con las condiciones ambientales. Este estudio investigó los estresores naturales y antropogénicos que afectan la biomasa de grupos funcionales de fitoplancton en una represa (la represa de Argemiro de Figueiredo) en una región semiárida de Brasil. La recolecta de datos fue entre agosto 2007 y julio 2009 de forma bimensual durante el primer año, y de forma mensual durante los últimos dos años. Estos se recolectaron en tres sitios (PC: confluencia del río; PNC: cerca de las jaulas; PD: sitio de la represa). El análisis de las variables abióticas del agua incluyó: temperatura, transparencia, coeficiente de atenuación vertical de la luz, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad eléctrica, alcalinidad, nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto y fósforo reactivo soluble. Las muestras de fitoplancton fueron recolectadas en una botella Van Dorn, y fueron preservadas en lugol acético y cuantificadas utilizando un microscopio invertido para determinar la densidad y la biomasa del fitoplancton, las especies identificadas fueron agrupadas en grupos funcionales. Los datos fueron explorados mediante un análisis de correspondencia canónica. Los análisis individuales fueron hechos para probar la variabilidad espacial y temporal de los datos y los factores que más interfieren con las variables bióticas y abióticas. Los grupos funcionales S1, SN, y K, incluyen las algas filamentosas: Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya & Subba Raju, y algas cocoides: Aphanocapsa incerta (Lemmermann) Cronberg & Komárek, respectivamente dominando los meses cálidos cuando el agua estuvo caliente, turbia y alcalina. El desbordamiento de la reserva funciona como una alteración natural, reduciendo la biomasa del fitoplancton a menos de un 50 % y la dominancia de cianobacterias, promoviendo el dominio de los grupos funcionales F, M, MP, Lo y X2. La llegada de nutrientes debido a la pesca intensiva, asociado con una baja profundidad local (Zmax = 7.7 m), cerca de las jaulas (PNC), resulta en una alteración humana significativa que incrementa la prevalencia de los grupos funcionales S1, SN y K, los cuales están compuestos principalmente por cianobacterias. Concluimos que, en las represas, eventos de desborde son perturbaciones naturales que tienen la habilidad para reducir la biomasa del fitoplancton y alterar la estructura de las comunidades locales, y que la pesca intensa es una alteración antropogénica que incrementa la disponibilidad de nutrientes y estimula el incremento de la biomasa de los grupos funcionales que incluyen las cianobacterias. Además, los grupos funcionales de fitoplancton fueron controles confiables de las condiciones ambientales en las represas de las regiones semiáridas tropicales.

Preliminary analysis on the use of Trophic State Indexes in a brazilian semiarid reservoir / Análise preliminar sobre uso de Índices de Estado Trófico em um reservatório do semiárido brasileiro

The Carlson's (1977) Trophic State Index (TSI) is a widely employed tool to estimate the degree of eutrophication in a reservoir. In Brazil, the need of a classification system that would take into account regional characteristics employed adjusted indexes generated by data from reservoirs in the southeastern region of the country. Current research compares responses for Carlson's TSI (1977) and its derivations for Brazilian reservoirs from data collected in the Pereira de Miranda Reservoir (State of Ceará, Brazil), and analyzes the influence of local conditions on results and their applicability to reservoirs in the semiarid region. TSIs were calculated by data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and water transparency. The reservoir was estimated as mesotrophic based on the chlorophyll a variable, and between eutrophic and hyper-eutrophic when based on total phosphorus data and water transparency. Results showed the need to consider intrinsic factors in the discussion on the applicability of TSIs to reservoirs in the semiarid region since the peculiar hydro-climatic conditions and morphometric characteristics make them even more vulnerable to disturbance agents, such as winds which have a significant influence on processes that determine the trophic state.

O índice de estado trófico (IET) de Carlson (1977) é uma ferramenta muito utilizada para estimar o grau de eutrofização de reservatórios. No Brasil, a necessidade de um sistema classificatório que levasse em consideração as peculiaridades regionais resultou em derivações do índice original. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar as respostas do IET de Carlson (clima temperado) e dos índices modificados para reservatórios do sudeste brasileiro (clima subtropical) originadas para dados do açude Pereira de Miranda e analisar a influência das condições locais sobre esses resultados, discutindo-se a sua aplicabilidade para a região semiárida do Brasil. Os índices de estado trófico foram calculados a partir dos valores de clorofila a, fósforo total e transparência da água. O estado trófico do açude foi estimado como mesotrófico, com base na variável clorofila a, e entre eutrófico e hipereutrófico, com os dados de fósforo total e de transparência da água. A partir dos resultados, observa-se a necessidade de considerar fatores intrínsecos na discussão sobre a aplicabilidade desses índices para os reservatórios do semiárido, especialmente quando as variáveis hidroclimáticas e morfométricas os tornam ainda mais vulneráveis a distúrbios, a exemplo do vento, que tem influência significativa sobre os processos que determinam o estado trófico

Hábitat de anidación de Amazona oratrix (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) en el Pacífico Central, México / Nesting habitat characterization for Amazona oratrix (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) in the Central Pacific, Mexico

The nesting requirements of the Yellow-headed Parrot (Amazona oratrix) are poorly understood, despite their broad historical distribution, high demand for pet trade and current endangered status. Information concerning their nesting requirements is required in order to design specific restoration and conservation actions. To assess this, we studied their nesting ecology in the Central Pacific, Michoacan, Mexico during a ten year period. The analyzed variables ranged from local scale nest site characteristics such as nesting tree species, dimensions, geographic positions, diet and nesting forest patches structure, to large scale features such as vegetation use and climatic variables associated to the nesting tree distributions by an ecological niche model using Maxent. We also evaluated the parrot tolerance to land management regimes, and compared the Pacific nest trees with 18 nest trees recorded in an intensively managed private ranch in Tamaulipas, Gulf of Mexico. Parrots nested in tall trees with canopy level cavities in 92 nest-trees recorded from 11 tree species. The 72.8% of nesting occurred in trees of Astronium graveolens, and Enterolobium cyclocarpum which qualified as keystone trees. The forests where the parrots nested, presented a maximum of 54 tree species, 50% of which were identified as food source; besides, these areas also had a high abundance of trees used as food supply. The lowest number of tree species and trees to forage occurred in an active cattle ranch, whereas the highest species richness was observed in areas with natural recovery. The nesting cavity entrance height from above ground of the Pacific nesting trees resulted higher than those found in the Gulf of Mexico. We hypothesize that the differences may be attributed to Parrot behavioral differences adapting to differential poaching pressure and cavity availability. Nesting trees were found in six vegetation types; however the parrots preferred conserved and riparian semi-deciduous forest for nesting, with fewer nests in deciduous forest, while nesting in transformed agricultural fields was avoided. The main climatic variables associated with the potential distribution of nests were: mean temperature of wettest quarter, mean diurnal temperature range, and precipitation of wettest month. Suitable climatic conditions for the potential presence of nesting trees were present in 61% of the region; however, most of the area consisted of tropical deciduous forests (55.8%), while semi-deciduous tropical forests covered only 17% of the region. These results indicated the importance to conserve semi-deciduous forests as breeding habitats for the Yellow-headed Parrot, and revealed the urgent need to implement conservation and restoration actions. These should include a total ban of land use change in tropical semi-deciduous forest areas, and for selective logging of all keystone tree species; besides, we recommend the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries in important nesting areas, and a series of tropical forest restoration programs in the Central Pacific coast. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 1053-1072. Epub 2014 September 01.

Los requerimientos de anidación del loro cabeza-amarilla (Amazona oratrix) son poco conocidos a pesar de su amplia distribución histórica, la alta demanda como mascota y estar en peligro de extinción. Esta información es necesaria para diseñar acciones específicas de restauración y conservación. Durante diez años estudiamos la ecología de anidación del loro en Michoacán, México. Las variables estudiadas incluyeron en escala local las especies de árboles-nido, sus dimensiones y posición geográfica, dieta y estructura de parches de bosque; y a mayor escala el uso de la vegetación y las variables climáticas asociadas a la distribución de árboles-nido, obtenidas con un modelo de nicho ecológico utilizando Maxent. También evaluamos la tolerancia del loro al manejo de la tierra, y comparamos los árboles-nido encontrados, con 18 árboles-nido de Tamaulipas (Golfo de México), estudiados en los ochentas en un rancho privado intensamente manejado. Los loros anidaron en árboles altos en cavidades del dosel, registramos 92 árboles-nido en 11 especies de árboles, pero el 72.8% se presentó en Astronium graveolens y Enterolobium cyclocarpum que califican como árboles clave. Los bosques de anidación presentan 54 especies de árboles como máximo, y 50% sirven como alimento, también las zonas presentan alta abundancia de árboles dieta. La menor riqueza de árboles y de árboles dieta se presentó en un rancho ganadero, mientras que las áreas en regeneración natural presentaron mayor riqueza. La altura de la entrada de la cavidad en los árboles-nido del Pacífico fue mayor que en los del Golfo de México. Hipotetizamos que las diferencias se deben al comportamiento del loro, adaptado a la presión diferencial de saqueo de nidos y disponibilidad de cavidades. Los árboles-nido se encontraron en seis tipos de vegetación, pero el loro prefirió el bosque tropical subcaducifolio conservado, y ribereño, anidó menos en bosque tropical caducifolio y nunca en campos agrícolas transformados, difiriendo de lo esperado por la disponibilidad de hábitat. Las principales variables climáticas asociadas con la distribución potencial de nidos son: temperatura promedio del trimestre más lluvioso, oscilación diurna de la temperatura, y precipitación del mes más lluvioso. Las áreas de presencia potencial de árboles-nido representan el 61% de la región, sin embargo la mayor parte es bosque tropical caducifolio (55.8%), y el bosque tropical subcaducifolio sólo ocupa 17%. Los resultados indican la importancia del bosque tropical subcaducifolio conservado como hábitat de reproducción del loro cabeza-amarilla, y muestran la urgente necesidad de implementar acciones de conservación y restauración. Las acciones deben incluir la prohibición del cambio de uso del suelo del bosque tropical subcaducifolio, y de la tala selectiva de especies clave, la creación de santuarios de vida silvestre en las áreas de anidación y programas de restauración de los bosques tropicales de la costa del Pacífico central.

Phytoecological evaluation with detail floristic appraisal of the vegetation arround Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the present status of plant communities and their possible association with the habitat in Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A study on the phytoecology was conducted in various ecologically important sites of Malam Jabba, Swat, Pakistan from 2002 to 2004. The altitude of these sites ranged from 1 200 m to 3 200 m. Quadrat method was used for evaluation of plants communities and the data on these attributes was converted to relative values. The plant communities were named after 3 leading species with highest importance values. Biological spectrum of the flora based on the life form was prepared by following Raunkiar's life form classes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The floristic composition and structure of the study area were found to be 200 species belonging to 75 families. Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae were important families in the study area. The biological spectrum showed that therophytic and hemicrytophytic life form and micro-nonophyllous leaf sizes were dominant in the area. The air and soil temperatures were decreasing with increasing elevation. Both the air and soil temperatures were relatively higher in south slopes than on the northeast slopes. The vegetation analysis of the area indicated eleven plant communities around the area. The present vegetation is the relics of moist temperate coniferous forest in the area. The communities reflect highly deteriorated conditions. Both the structure and composition of the surrounding vegetation were associated with the types of habitats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The conservation of the remaining populations of the reported communities will be best achieved by proper time of sustainable harvesting. It is only possible with the participation of local communities.</p>

Incidência da dengue relacionada às condições climáticas no município de Toledo - Pr / The incidence of dengue related to the climatic conditions in the city of Toledo - Pr

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a incidência da dengue e sua relação com as condições climáticas do município de Toledo - PR. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva do tipo ecológico misto, retrospectivo, referente ao período de 2001 a 2005, utilizando-se as seguintes variáveis para o conhecimento do diagnóstico epidemiológico e entomológico: distribuição da doença; distribuição espacial (município); temporal (ano, mês e estações); condições metereológicas (índice pluviométrico, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura). Os dados foram coletados no Instituto Tecnológico - SIMEPAR, na Vigilância Epidemiológica e na Secretaria de Combate à Dengue de Toledo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a incidência da dengue foi maior em 2002, quando atingiu 1,43/10.000 hab. e a sazonalidade do vetor foi variável, indo de dezembro a junho. Os dados sobre as condições metereológicas foram comparados com os períodos de incidência, utilizando-se a correlação de Spearman. Os dados da precipitação referentes aos meses de maior notificação de casos demonstraram pequena relação entre si. Já os dados da temperatura refletem o verão mais quente, que ocorreu no Estado do Paraná, durante o ano de 2002, no qual a incidência da dengue foi elevada, com uma correlação de aproximadamente de 40%.

This study evaluates the incidence of dengue and its relation with the climatic conditions of the city of Toledo - PR. A mixed ecological-retrospective-descriptive research concerning 2001-2005 was carried out by using the following variables for the epidemiological and entomological diagnosis: distribution of the illness; spatial distribution (city); weather (year, month, and seasons), and meteorological conditions (pluviometric index, relative humidity, and temperature). The data were collected in Technological Institute- SIMEPAR, the Health Surveillance, and the Toledo Bureau to Combat the Dengue. The results demonstrate that the incidence of dengue was higher in 2002, when it reached 1.43/10.000 habitants, and the seasonality of the vector was changeable, going from December to June. The data on the meteorological conditions were compared with the periods of incidence by using the Spearman? correlation. The data on the precipitation referring to the months of highest notification of cases showed little relationship among them. The data concerning the temperature reflect the hottest summer, which occurred in the state of the Paraná, in 2002, where the incidence of dengue was high with a correlation of approximately 40%.

A Survey on the Air Pollution of Expressway Tollgates in Korea / 대한산업의학회지

This survey was carried out from October 16 through October 27, 1989 to evaluate the working environment of expressway tollgate. We measured and analyzed 9 parameters such as total dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and lead in the air together with climatic conditions and traffic volumes at 10 major highway tollgates. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The concentrations of air pollutants at inside and outside of toll booth were 0.7824 and 1.5460 mg/m3 for total dust, 0.034 and 0.094 ppm for sulfur dioxide, 2.2 and 4.3 ppm for carbon monoxide, 0.031 and 0.068 ppm for nitrogen dioxide, 0.0018 and 0.0027 mg/m3 for lead, respectiveively. 2. All air pollutants showed significant association each other except lead and nitrogen dioxide. 3. No relation was observed between air pollutants and traffic volume. 4. Generally speaking, climatic conditions showed no effect on the value of air pollutants both at inside and outside of toll booth. The exceptions were humidity that was related with carbon monoixide outside and air current that was related with lead outside.